LWT

London Weekend Television (LWT) (now part of ITV London) was the name of the ITV network franchise holder for Greater London and the Home Counties at weekends, broadcasting from Fridays at 5:15pm (prior to 1982 at 7:00pm) to Monday mornings at 6:00am.

London Weekend Television is no longer individually identified on air, and uses the generic ITV1 logo for continuity announcements (the announcement of the next programme and forthcoming ones), and as a banner during commercial advertising breaks. The company is managed with Carlton Television as a single entity (ITV London), but the two companies are still separately licensed. The franchise is currently operated by ITV plc under the licensee of ITV Broadcasting Limited. In its original guise LWT ran from July 1968 until October 2002 when it became part of ITV London.

Creation
The London Television Consortium was created and led by David Frost, after a someone made a remark to him while working for Rediffusion. The consortium employed three ex-BBC members of staff: Michael Peacock (controller of BBC1), Frank Muir (assistant head of BBC comedy) and Doreen Stephens (head of children's output). Rediffusion's Controller of Programmes, Cyril Bennett, also joined the consortium along with Clive Irving, theatre director Peter Hall and, for financial backing, Arnold Weinstock, managing director of GEC. Its original application of over £6m for the contract to provide programming for London at the weekends from 1968 to 1974, which ran over 80 pages, promised a variety of high-brow arts and drama productions. It had accordingly caught the attention of the regulator, the Independent Television Authority (ITA), and it seemed to address concerns and criticisms raised in the Pilkington Report. The authority had been worried by criticism of the network's output, which was seen as downmarket. The LTC plans were viewed by the ITA as being serious contenders to the quality educational programming of the BBC. So keen were the ITA that they were quoted, at the time, as saying the LTC had to have its chance, whatever the repercussions. In the 1968 franchise decision, the consortium was offered the contract to serve London at weekends, which had been previously by ATV London.

The new company, renamed London Weekend Television, benefited from a slight extension in broadcasting hours, as they were allocated Friday evenings from 7pm as well as Saturday and Sunday. The LTC had planned on buying the superior Teddington Studios of former contractor ABC, but following ABC's merger with Associated Rediffusion to form Thames Television, the LTC were forced by the ITA to purchase Rediffusion's site at Wembley (see The Fountain Studios) and legally obliged to employ all members of staff, although the workforce was slightly larger than LWT had wanted. Having previously worked weekdays for Rediffusion, transmission staff now had to work at weekends, and as a result, wanted extra pay for the unsocial hours. This led to threats of industrial action, and with the dispute still unresolved, fifteen seconds into their opening night of 2 August 1968, technicians went on strike and the screens went blank. An emergency service was provided by management from the transmission centre of ATV at Foley Street, London.

Near Collapse
Upon resolving the dispute, LWT suffered poor rating figures, as the station's evening viewing schedule included a Stravinsky musical drama, an avant-garde drama from French film director Jean-Luc Godard, a tribute to Belgian singer-songwriter Jacques Brel and Georgia Brown Sings Kurt Weill. As a consequence viewers deserted their primetime offerings in favour of the more mainstream Saturday night viewing on BBC 1. Other ITV stations refused to show LWT productions because of the poor ratings. ATV, still smarting at losing their London contract to LWT, refused to transmit any of their programmes in peak time; elsewhere, the powerful sales department at rivals/neighbours Thames took advantage of LWT's ratings crisis by adopting a "beggar thy neighbour" strategy, encouraging advertisers to use them during the week by heavily discounting airtime. This caused great animosity, even decades later, with both Thames and LWT refusing to promote each others' programmes.

LWT commitments began to fall apart and the £6.5m they had initially put up for the franchise began to drain away more quickly than their audience figures. Michael Peacock, the architect in David Frost's vision for the future of television, wanted to stick to the principles of their contract with the ITA. ATV dropped Frost's major Saturday night slot altogether and replaced him with comedian Dave Allen, while Yorkshire and Granada relegated the show to the late evening. The situation came to a head during a meeting of the Network Programme Committee. Frost was present but no one spoke out against LWT's programming policy. However, Lew Grade, ATV's managing director, seized his chance. "I've succeeded in business by knowing exactly what I hate," he told them. "And I know I hate David Frost." There was silence. The other members were too embarrassed to either speak in support of Grade's blunt comment or go against it.

In September 1969, Michael Peacock was sacked by the board while six executives resigned from LWT in support. The ITA made it clear that LWT's franchise proposals must be retained. As the crisis at LWT deepened, staff members held a protest outside the offices of the ITA, complaining about the changes happening at the station. A 800-strong petition was handed into the ITA, to ask for an inquiry about the crisis at LWT. The ITA started to make emergency plans in the event of the company collapsing, and MPs asked questions in Parliament. At the same time, Thames started making enquiries about a seven-day contract in such an event - an offer quickly rebuffed by the ITA. In the general panic that followed, the General Electric Company withdrew financial backing and sold its 7.5% share to Rupert Murdoch's News International in November 1970. By December 1970, Murdoch become a part time executive and injected £500,000 of new capital, increasing his share to 30% as part of the deal. .He continued to increase his stake further, by the end of 1971 he possessed 39.7%.

Rupert Murdoch become managing director in February 1971. When Dr Tom Margerison left the company, he stated "there is no question of personal animosity between Rupert and myself. It's just one of those things: you cannot have two people running a ship." He believed Murdoch was to become a non-executive director, but it was clear that he was going further than this. .

Murdoch started restructuring LWT, but within weeks five other board members left. . The ITA were unhappy at how Murdoch was able to buy his way into the company, as foreign nationals were legally blocked from owning the ITV contractors, while also demanding assurances that LWT's original programme policies and operations were sound. The ITA, concerned about Murdoch owning both a television station and significant newspaper interests, forced Murdoch from the chairmanship of LWT, and on 9 March 1971 John Freeman, best known for presenting Face to Face for the BBC, become chairman of LWT. He said "I expect many people thinking I need my head examining, but I decided to take it up all the same. The public should have the kinds of programmes it wants, which means you must take into account minority interests as well as majority ones". It was made quite clear by Freeman he expected to full control within the company without any interference from Murdoch.

By early May, Freeman reappointed Cyril Bennett as Controller of Programmes, along with many of the original personnel who helped start up the company in 1967.

Audience share grew, and in 1975 the company won seven BAFTA awards - more than the rest of ITV put together. Although the programming had changed from their original remit, LWT still produced shows which were considered more upmarket, in particular Upstairs, Downstairs. Unlike earlier offerings these attracted high audiences. LWT continued to show arts programming, mainly Aquarius and its successor The South Bank Show.

1970s
During the 1970s, LWT fortunes improved and helped increase profits and money available for new programming. In the autumn of 1974 LWT challenged the BBC with a £3.75M spending on what it believed represented was the biggest range of talent and varied schedule for viewers, including Stanley Baxter, Danny La Rue, a number of new dramas and a current affairs show, which helped push up profits to nearly £4m. .

In May 1976, LWT was reorganized, to form a new company "LWT (Holdings) Limited" which allowed the company to expand in to a number of new ventures, including Hutchinson Publishing. The LWT Chairman said "an important factor was the deal would provide revenue from a wholly different source thus in part insulating LWT from the effects of any future adverse fluctuations in advertising revenue".

In November 1978, News International sold off 16% of its LWT holding, reducing its shares from 39.7% to 25%, as it believed this was going to be one of the outcomes from theAnnan Report on Broadcasting. LWT also warned shareholders that heavy spending on programmes would continue to reduce chances of increased profits. .News International sold its remaining 25% stake in LWT on 13 March 1980, being an end its connection with Australian tycoon.

After the 1979 ITV strike, LWT was hit hard. During November 1979 LWT believed it had managed to only lose around £200,000 over the course of the dispute. Its acquisition of specialist travel and tour operator "Page & Moy" and its Hutchinson publishing operations helped offset the losses made during the strike. Interim reports in April 1980 highlight LWT profits reducing by £2m. .By November it became clear that LWT profits had remained roughly the same as year before, even with turnover increasing from £70.5m to £80.5m. .

1980s
The 1982 franchise round was the first time LWT had to re-apply for its licence. The original 1968 contract was supposed to have ended in 1974. Instead, the new Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) had elected to extend all franchise contracts to 1981, owing to the enormous costs of introducing colour television. While it is debatable whether the licence would have been renewed if LWT had had to re-apply in 1973, by 1982, the company was in good health, and it easily beat off weak competition to secure a second contract - although it lost the Blue Bell Hill transmitter near Maidstone to the new Television South, more usually known as TVS, as part of a reorganisation prompted by the creation of the South and South East dual region. However, due to the recession, the company still had to tighten its belt. LWT had developed a reputation in many fields, including coordination of the network's sport productions and presentation.

In January 1982, John Birt became LWT's new Programme Director when Michael Grade left to become President of Tandem Productions in the USA, while Barry Cox become Head of Current Affairs. John Birt's time as Programme Director resulted in a change of direction. He started overhauling the schedules, to maximise the audience numbers, including moving some niche shows back out of peak time, and putting Cilla Black under contract, to achieve this. He criticised how ITV companies were spending huge amounts of money on local programmes (in which LWT was one the biggest offenders) and post-watershed dramas, which left a funding gap for shows broadcast between the two periods, which did not help LWT as it only had a two and a-half day franchise period.

John Birt also started reviewing spending budgets for all departments to provide the best returns which resulted in The Stanley Baxter show being cancelled. LWT had to also postpone and shelve a number of other productions during the early 1980s due to cost and frustration with other ITV companies' ideas for the weekend schedules.

In 1983, Birt published a document with proposals for an additional £50m to be spent every year on peak time programmes with religion, the arts and current affairs shows being pruned to free up cash. His argument for doing this was that ITV made 75% of its money in peak time, but the peak time was riddled with a number of weak slots which reduced the maximum amount of revenue, again LWT was at a disadvantage compared with the other ITV franchise holders. He believed that LWT and others should transfer more of its public service broadcasting commitments onto the new Channel 4. .

LWT finally found a solution in 1985, when an agreement was reached with TVS, who wished to expand their own output for the ITV network. However, as TVS was not one of the 'Big 5' ITV companies, it had no real influence on the Network Programming Committee. Under the control of Greg Dyke as Director of Programmes, TVS started to move away from its original philosophy of niche arts and science programming, and began producing more entertainment programmes. The deal helped LWT to fill its schedules with appropriate, domestically-produced programming while not having to increase its budget, while TVS was able to get more of its programmes onto the ITV network slots. TVS retained its original philosophy for its regional and children's programmes.

In April 1987, Greg Dyke moved from TVS to LWT again to be Director of Programmes (replacing John Birt) - having originally worked at LWT in 1978, before moving to TV-am in 1983 and TVS in 1985. At the same time, LWT started re-sectioning the company in a bid to cut costs and overhaul the working practices within the company ahead of a new franchise period.

As part of the cost-cutting review, the idea was floated that LWT could become a "Commissioning" organisation - similar to Channel 4 - with its programme production operations being sold off to a new company, in a bid to "sharpen up its competitiveness". Consultancy company NERA was brought in to investigate the matter. . The plan was halted in early 1988, as LWT chairman Christopher Bland, along with Greg Dyke, started to streamline operations; over four years, more than 690 people were made redundant, whole layers of management were scrapped and working practices were overhauled. But with the plan still a possibility, Dyke was able to offer lavish redundancy payments, ultimately getting the changes through.

Greg Dyke explained: "To completely restructure your business for less than a year's profits is a good deal. I have no problem with that". Another change was to make production operations a profit centre, with studios to rent - and with various uses from Jonathan Ross shows to sales conferences These operations continue to earn millions a year for ITV.

1990s and takeover


The Broadcasting Act 1990 brought changes to the way ITV contracts were awarded. No longer a 'beauty-contest', but rather a blind auction, the winner was to be the applicant who bid the most. LWT threatened not to bid for its franchise again, as opposition to the new franchise bidding process gathered momentum. LWT Chairman Christopher Bland stated: "We have the programme power into Satellite" - it cost both LWT and Thames £43m for the licence, yet on satellite television would only cost £2m. LWT denied it was trying to blackmail the government, but admitted the threat of some of the largest contractors packing their bags might make government think again.

The controversy led to the introduction of a 'quality threshold' which allowed that, in exceptional circumstances, a bid could be rejected if it were deemed excessive, or that an incumbent could be chosen against a higher-bidding applicant if it were felt that incumbent's programming was 'exceptional'. As described by LWT's managing director Greg Dyke, the franchise round, "became a crapshoot. You had to work out [in the franchise round] who was bidding against you. Of those, would they pass the quality threshold and would they pass the financial test". Scottish Television and Central Television both discovered that nobody was bidding against them -- and both bid only a token amount.

It was the 'quality threshold' that saved LWT. Despite streamlining, and a successful battle with trade unions, LWT knew that if it were to keep on making quality programmes, it could not over-bid. It had to rely on the quality of its programmes and submit the best offer it could, knowing it could be far less than a rival bid; the strategy worked, and LWT won a third contract with an annual bid of £7.5m, against a rival who bid £36m but whose plans were deemed by the new Independent Television Commission to be unsatisfactory.

LWT's weekday rival, Thames, lost its licence - outbid by Carlton. It was told it could not fall back on its long history of programme-making. After 24 years living in its shadow, LWT now outlived the station that was its fiercest enemy. LWT had a far better relationship with Carlton, and shared many operations including transmission facilities and studio space, but most notably creating a joint news service, London News Network.

From 1993, LWT's low bid made it attractive to others wishing to take it over. Originally, Greg Dyke had planned to use LWT as a springboard to start acquiring companies to build a united ITV. On 6 December 1993, the North West franchise holder Granada Television launched a hostile takeover for the company, worth £600m. The takeover bid came about owing to the relaxation of the rules governing the ITV Network. LWT tried to outstep the takeover bid with talks being held with Yorkshire television and Scottish Television. A week later a war of words had broken out between LWT and Granada, with Granada claiming the YTV-LWT deal was "Something cobbled together by desperate men". Gerry Robinson, the Chairman of Granada plc, was also surprised if LWT went ahead with a bid for YTV, especially since it had made £10m losses that week and was already paying much of its revenue to the government. Reports also suggested if LWT bidded for Yorkshire Television it would also form an alliance with Anglia who would takeover Tyne Tees Television. . By New Year's Eve Granada had increased its bid to £658m.

By 7 January 1994 the merger talks between Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television had collapsed because it had proved impossible to reach an agreement on a suitable structure for the new company. A few days earlier Anglia had withdrawn from the proposed alliance, making an LWT take over of YTV impossible. By 7 February 1994, Granada had increase its takeover bid again to £774m, but the LWT board once again rejected the offer. Granada's Chief Executive, Gerry Robinson, said: "We are obviously disappointed that having evidently accepted the commercial argument in favour of scale, the board of LWT has not been able to recommend what is a generous offer". Sir Christopher Bland rejected this statement, claiming "the Granada offer is inadequate and still fails to reflect the true value of LWT". On Friday 25 February 1994, LWT had succumbed to Granada's £770m bid for the company, Greg Dyke and Sir Christopher both left LWT.

ITV London
By 2001, Carlton and Granada controlled all of the franchises in England and Wales, and in 2002 took the decision to unify the playout and branding of all of the companies to become ITV1, with regional references used only in accordance with regional programming. LWT marked its final day on air with a series of tributes to LWT's past. When GMTV handed over to the weekday franchise the following morning, the national ITV1 brand was on-air, with the new team of Network Continuity Announcers announcing for the first time; former Meridian Broadcasting announcer Paul Seed was the first network voice.

The operations of LWT and Carlton Television were merged to become ITV London, a 7-day service. Unlike the other English and Welsh franchises, ITV London did not receive regional idents featuring the London name until the 2003 refresh; only one of these idents was ever used at a single junction from launch. Apart from this rare occasion, the channel was only known verbally as "ITV1 London" prior to regional programmes only. In February 2004 Granada and Carlton completed their merger to become ITV plc, owning eleven of the fifteen ITV regional franchises.

The LWT logo continued to appear at the end of its programmes until 31 October 2004. However from 1 November, it was replaced by a Granada endcap, with programmes either credited as "A Granada London Production", or "A Granada Production" instead. Since 16 January 2006, all network productions produced by any ITV plc-owned company carry an "ITV Productions" endcap and since the start of 2009 have adopted the "ITV Studios" brand.

Studios


As already mentioned, LWT's first studio base were the former home of Associated-Rediffusion, the previous London Weekday franchise holder in Wembley (see Fountain Studios). The Wembley studios were problematic, as their costly conversions to colour was imminent. Fortunately, LWT only had to use Wembley until their new purpose built studios were opened in 1972.

The new studios, called South Bank Television Centre, included a large tower block named Kent House after the Duchess of Kent who officially opened the complex. It was built on a plot of land called King's Reach. The studios' network ident is still KRS, for King's Reach Studios. These facilities were considered at the time the best colour studios in Europe. In 1992 the complex was renamed to London Television Centre. The studios now form the centre of ITV plc's studio operations and are the chief production centre.

Presentation

 * http://tv-live.org.uk/wp/index.php/itv/regions/lwt/lwt-1968-1992/LWT: 1968-1992, at TV Live
 * http://tv-live.org.uk/wp/index.php/itv/regions/lwt/lwt-1992-present/ LWT: 1992-present, at TV Live

LWT's initial on-screen look featured the name London Weekend Television in white zooming in on a black background accompanied by an electronic jingle. This was replaced the following year by an ident featuring a spinning disc on screen against a grey (later orange) background with the caption in the centre accompanied by a soundtrack of electric notes.

LWT's most recognisable ident the 'River' ident Introduced in 1971, featuring a stripe made up of blue, white and red moving across the black background in the shape of an 'L' and 'W'; the 'Television' part of the name was dropped. Designed by graphics designer Terry Griffiths, in September 1977, his modified version revived the full name; at the end, the river sections snapped down into the stripped LWT logo. LWT dropped in-vision announcers in January 1983, and in September that year introduced a new local, animated ident, bearing the slogan 'Your Weekend ITV', with an additional ident appearing in 1984.

On 29 August 1986, computer graphics were used for the first time in presentation as LWT changed their ident. Three versions were made: ~Genesis, in which the stripes fold on letter by letter, ~Solari, a vertical venetian blind effect seen in the London region only. ~Kids version of kids programmes. In 1989, LWT adopted the first ITV generic look and retained it until 1992, with their three coloured striped featuring in their segment of the ITV logo. The 1986 ident was brought back into use during 1991/1992 for links into local programmes.

LWT replaced the 1989 ITV generic ident on 4 September 1992 with a large 3D logo forming from the left to a remixed version of the generic music, with two version ~ 'flying blocks' and ~ 'flare". On 30 August 1996 an updated ident and logo was introduce, with six different versions. On 8 November 1999, Granada, LWT adopted the second ITV generic look, based on the theme of hearts. LWT was the only company to drop this look on 24 March 2000, replacing it with the theme of a video wall. The first version of the ident had two problems: the colour scheme of primarily red and the soundtrack of electronic bleeps. thus ident was altered on 11 August 2001 to include the new ITV1 logo, to reduce the red colour scheme and to introduce a soundtrack that was similar.

By 2001 Carlton and Granada controlled all of the franchises in England and Wales, and in 2002 took the decision to unify the playout and branding of all of the companies to become ITV1, with regional references used only in accordance with regional programming. LWT marked its final day on air with a series of tributes to LWT's past, beginning with an authentic startup routine leading into the ITN Morning News. All elements of the startup were recreated in Macromedia Flash and in the 16:9 aspect ratio, created by Dave Jeffery. Later that day, a recreation of LWT's famous River ident would lead into The South Bank Show, which would be the last programme broadcast under the LWT name. The show was followed by a final signoff featuring continuity announcers Glen Thompsett and Trish Bertram appearing 'in-vision' to toast the departing station, and a celebratory montage of LWT presentation across the years, assembled by senior ITV presentation producer Gareth Randall.

When GMTV handed over to the weekday franchise the following morning, the national ITV1 brand was on-air, with the new team of Network Continuity Announcers announcing for the first time; former Meridian announcer Paul Seed was the first network voice. The operations of LWT and Carlton Television were merged to become ITV London, a 7-day service. Unlike the other English and Welsh franchises, ITV London did not receive regional idents featuring the London name until the 2003 refresh; only one of these idents was ever used at a single junction from launch. Apart from this rare occasion, the channel was only known verbally as "ITV1 London" prior to regional programmes only.

In February 2004, Granada and Carlton completed their merger to become ITV plc, holding eleven of the fifteen ITV regional franchises. The LWT logo continued to appear at the end of its programmes until 31 October 2004. However from 1 November, it was replaced by a Granada endcap, with programmes either credited as "A Granada London Production", or "A Granada Production" instead. Since 16 January 2006, all network productions produced by any ITV plc-owned company carry an "ITV Productions" endcap and since the start of 2009 have adopted the "ITV Studios" brand. From October 2002, LWT no longer has any regional branding, with the new ITV London using the generic network idents with name checks used only.

Regional news programmes
From 1982 until it launched a proper news service of its own 1988, LWT also showed Thames Weekend News, produced by Thames Television, on Friday evenings, until December 1987.


 * LWT News Headlines (1982-1988)
 * LWT News (1988-1992)[24]
 * London Tonight(1993-2002)