Scottish Television

Scottish Television (now legally known as STV Central Ltd and referred to on-air as STV) is Scotland's largest ITV franchisee, and has held the ITV franchise for Central Scotland since 31 August 1957. It is the second oldest ITV franchisee still active (Granada Television being the oldest). The channel is now owned and operated by STV Group plc (formerly SMG plc), which also owns another independent television franchise, Grampian Television (now STV North), based in Aberdeen.

STV Central produces news for the West and East halves of its transmission region (STV News at Six) along with current affairs, politics and sports programmes for Northern and Central Scotland. Along with STV North and ITV Tyne Tees & Border, STV Central is a commercial rival to the publicly funded national broadcaster, BBC Scotland and is based alongside its studios at Pacific Quay in Glasgow.

History
Scottish Television was founded by Canadian businessman Roy Thomson (later Lord Thomson) in association with the Theatre Royal's owners Howard & Wyndham Ltd. Thomson invited Canadian television producer Rai Purdy to become the station's first head of programming. In the months leading up to opening night, Purdy pledged that the new channel would provide first class entertainment and as much cultural programming as possible as well as allowing Scottish talent every opportunity to develop and be seen on STV.

1950s
Scottish Television began broadcasting at 5:30pm on Saturday 31 August 1957 with the variety special This is Scotland, broadcast live from the Theatre Royal studios - STV was the first ITV franchise to launch outside the three largest regions (London, the Midlands & Northern England) and thereby, the first to broadcast seven days a week.

1960s
The company soon gained a reputation for musical entertainment, variety, documentary films under Dr John Grierson, and sports coverage. It also sponsored Scottish Opera and televised live opera and ballet, networking more opera than similar television companies. Much of the station's early output was provided by ATV, under a ten-year deal worth £1 million per year. By 1965, ATV's senior producer Francis Essex had become Scottish's programming controller.

But the station had also gained a reputation for low budget, entertainment-driven programming. It was jokingly said that STV only owned two pieces of equipment; one telecine to show western films and another to show the commercials. Lord Thomson was also criticised, for using much of the profits generated by Scottish Television to further gain his interests in the newspaper industry, rather than reinvesting into the station.

In 1965, the chairman of the Independent Television Authority Charles Hill paid a visit to STV's Glasgow studios during which he observed an edition of the popular daytime entertainment show One O'clock Gang. So appalled by it, he personally axed the programme with the words "My God, how long have you been getting away with this?".

From the launch of the station, television for schools was pioneered in association with Glasgow Corporation, and post graduate television services initiated, including surgery, in conjunction with universities. Programmes were devised for the emerging countries in the British Commonwealth, and the Thomson Foundation was created to educate and train television producers, journalists and engineers, this operated from Kirkhill House - a bespoke studio complex near Newton Mearns. Programmes from TFTC (Thompson Foundation Television College) were never seen by STV's viewers, but much of STV's redundant equipment found a new home at the studios, including STV's first OB unit.

Although the early days of the ITV network were a financial gamble the STV service soon became profitable, resulting in Thomson's claim that 'running a commercial television station is like having a licence to print money'. In 1966, the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange for the first time.

Scottish Television retained its franchise at the first time of asking in 1967, despite strong competition from a consortium led by the future BBC Director General Alasdair Milne and strong indications that the company would lose its franchise. In the event, Lord Thomson was forced by the ITA to reduce his stake in the station from 80% to 25%, effectively ending the company's standing as a subsidiary of the Thomson Group.

1970s
Like many franchises within the ITV network, Scottish struggled through the late 1960s and early 1970s with a recession, increased transmitter rental fees, taxation on income (rather than profits), a decline in advertising revenue, and the costs of converting equipment for the start of colour broadcasting (marked by the opening of the Gateway Theatre studios in Edinburgh). In 1970 the company made a loss of £39'000, a warning was given that regionalism would be abandoned, and a forced merger with Grampian Television would happen, unless the chancellor reduce the levy applied on advertising revenues.

By late 1971 STV's fortunes recover after a change in taxation rules reducing the companies payments from £466'000 to £234'000 and a general increase in advertising spend saw, profit rose to £475'000 within the first 6 months of 1971. A large proportion of the profits were spent on expanded the companies programming output, in part to resolve principal criticism about the station output, includes improved sport coverage, new drama series for Scottish writers and enhance local entertainment show. With the increase amount of productions, STV had exceptions of becoming one of the major players in networking new programming for ITV2, Managing director William brown: " One of the Major factors in deciding to extend our activities, is the prospect of becoming nationally invold in the production of network programmes for ITV2 if and when it begins.

In addition, STV were also seeking to consolidate their position increase its partnership with foreign television stations. The company were already associated with an Israeli television company, who use STV system for dubbing foreign language programmers. STV were hoping of being invited to act as advisory capacity if Commercial television begins in Israel.

The Company finally started work on building its new purpose-built complex in Cowcaddens, in early 1972. Originally plans were afoot to move to Millerston area of Glasgow, costing £2million but negotailtion fell through in mid 1960. The Cowcaddens site was planed to be built in the late 1960s but was put on hold because of the fincanal position. The company left its first Glasgow base at the Theatre Royal in December 1974.

In 1975, a short term ITV Strike took place in the spring, due to a dispute over the payments agreed before the government-imposed pay freeze came into force. A 19% pay rise had been agreed between the ACTT (Association of Cinematograph Television and Allied Technicians) union with the ITV companies in July 1974. The union alleged that £231 of this deal was still owed to its members, and should not have been affected by the pay freeze. The strike take place from 6.00am on 23 May (except for London Weekend Television, Tyne Tees Television, and Westward Television, where ACTT members ignored the strike). At 6.00am on 26 May, when strike workers came back to work, there were locked out by management. Normal service resumed on 30 May for all ITV stations, except for Scottish Television, whose staff refused to return to work after the lockout finished on 29 May. Staff eventually returned on Monday 9 June

By the mid-1970s, a change in taxation rules and a general increase in advertising spend saw STV's fortunes recover, and in 1978, company profits had risen by 21.8% in the first six months of the year, allowing for an increase in local programming.

In the following twenty years, the company gained greater access to the national network, primarily through the soap opera Take the High Road and the long-running detective series Taggart. More recent contributions have included the quiz Wheel of Fortune and the adaptation of the Rebus crime books.

1980s
During the 1970s and 1980s, Scottish Television produced a wide range of religious programming including weekly church services, half-hour religious programmes on a Sunday, religious contributions to the new Channel 4, the ever-popular epilogue Late Call, and occasional documentaries, produced by Executive Producer Rev. Dr Nelson Gray, a Minister of the Congregational Church, and Rev. Eric Hudson, a Minister of the Church of Scotland but as the public service broadcasting requirement receded during the 1990s, the amount of religious programmes were gradually phased out.

In October 1981, Scottish Television became the first ITV station to operate a regional Oracle teletext service, containing over 60 pages of local news, sport and information.

As was industry-practice at the time, STV programming would either be totally studio-based, include film inserts where required (the local news programme Scotland Today and Take the High Road being early examples of this), or other completely film-based shows with no studio content. The company employed up to six film crews who could be assigned to providing filmed news coverage on a daily basis, football matches, or feature programming such as Redgauntlet or Weirs Way. Since the company originally went on air, images not provided electronically 'live' within the studio centre were provided via telecine machines, allowing the station to run local advertisements to fill the ad breaks within and on either side of local and networked programming. Local advertisements - where a single image was shown on screen whilst the continuity announcer read the promotional message 'live' – was sourced from a standard 35 mm slide.

Filmed inserts into local news added a significant delay to the airing of programmes. STV, having no film processing capability at Cowcaddens, sub-contracted this to a specialist company - Humphries Film Laboritories. Exposed film would be rushed to an industrial unit in North Glasgow to be processed and returned to Cowcaddens for the 16 mm film to be edited and prepared for transmission. This process often caused much annoyance to reporters and crews alike, as to ensure inclusion of a breaking story for the Scotland Today news segment, film had to reach the labs no later than 4.30 pm. By the early to mid-1980s and like much of ITV, STV had dispensed with 16 mm film and embraced electronic news gathering, with Sony's Betacam being the chosen system.

Gus Macdonald became the station's Director of Programmes during the summer of 1986. One of his first decisions was to revamp the station's regional news and features output, following criticism from an Independent Broadcasting Authority committee. Scottish's flagship evening programme Scotland Today had previously been revamped from a regional news programme into a topical magazine show supplemented by short bulletins. David Scott was brought in from BBC Scotland as the station's head of news and reverted Scotland Today back to a hard news format while long-running series including What's Your Problem? and Ways & Means were axed. Replacement programmes included the topical lunchtime show Live at One Thirty and social action series Scottish Action.

1990s
In 1990, Sir William Brown retired as managing director after 24 years of service, making him the longest serving chief executive in ITV history. He subsequence become chairman of Scottish Television plc from 1991 until 1996 Gus Macdonald become managing director and started overhauling the workforce by cutting it from 800 to 330 - Macdonald claimed the company was employing many more people though most were now freelancers.

In early 1992, Nigel Pickard become controller of entertainment and drama features, When he transferred from the outgoing ITV company TVS, some of the station's children's programmes continued production under Scottish Television including Art Attack and How 2. Pickard was based at an office in Maidstone (where many of Scottish's new acquisitions were produced) until 1995, but he left the company in 1993.

After retaining its franchise in 1993 unopposed, Scottish Television production for the ITV network were placed into a separate company, "Scottish Television Enterprises", which become one of the largest suppliers of children's programmes in Europe. The company invested shares in various ITV companies and media firms, including a 25% stake in GMTV as part of a consortium for Breakfast franchise (sold off to ITV plc in 2004 for £31 million), ITN and UTV, which helped push profits up to £10m, with the group expecting further real growth in advertising income, even after the internal reconstruction of its core staff. The company itself acquired new inverters when in 1994 the Mirror Group brought 20% stake in company, In September 1995, Scottish TV acquired a 20% stake in HTV worth £36 million, as part of a deal with Flextech which allowed for an enlarged Scottish Television, with Flextech holding a 20% stake while the Mirror Group stake was diluted to 16 per cent. The deal also involved David Montgomery, chief executive of Mirror Group, and Two Flextech executives join the Scottish Television board, while Flectech committed to license more than 125 hours of drama and documentaries from Scottish Television, Within a month of the deal, the Mirror Group managed to increase its stake to 19.93%.

In 1996, the HTV shares were sold off to the Wales and West contractor's future owners United News and Media. For a short time, Scottish became a buyout target for Yorkshire Television. Scottish Television went onto acquire Caledonian Publishing, which published The Herald and Glasgow Evening Times in July 1996. A year later, Scottish Media Group plc brought out the ITV contractor for Northern Scotland, Grampian Television, for £105 million.

In the summer of 1998 there was speculation its 20% stake in GMTV would be be sold off to help raise cash for new acquisitions in England, since the company continued to have no debt and could easier afford new purchaser. a few months later Gus Macdonald left the company to become a Scottish Trade minster. In 1999 Mirror Group sold its stake to Granada

2000s
On 2 March 2006, it was announced by SMG plc (now STV Group plc) that Scottish Television would revert back to the brand name of STV, that it used from the start of colour broadcasting in 1969 until 30 August 1985, and which the station was still informally known as in parts of Scotland. At the same time, Grampian Television would also become known as STV. The new-look branding was launched on 30 May 2006. By that time, the Scottish Television and Grampian Television names were officially confined to history forever.

Regional news and advertising has remained segmented with viewers in the East of the region receiving their own edition of STV News at Six, a late night news bulletin and separate local advertising.

Studios
From the station's launch in 1957 until 1974, Scottish Television used the Theatre Royal, Glasgow on Hope Street as their main studio base and headquarters. Secondary studios at the Gateway Theatre on Leith Walk in Edinburgh were built in 1969 to accommodate more productions. The new facilities at Edinburgh grew in importance in after a fire gutted Studio A and several production suites at the Glasgow studios - a fire in which two firemen were killed. Scottish's main base moved in 1974 to custom built facilities on Renfield Street in Cowcaddens on land opposite the Theatre Royal site. Construction began on the new base in 1972 and it was officially opened on 12 December 1974 by Princess Alexandra, and was expanded to accommodate further production in 1978. Following the completion of the new studio complex, the Theatre Royal was sold to Scottish Opera to become the first national opera house in Scotland, and the home of Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet.

Cowcaddens became Scottish's main studio base where the majority of their productions were based. However, with the growing use of independent production companies as a source of programming, the need for increased studio space was alleviated. New Scottish programming, such as Art Attack and How 2 from TVS was being made at the Maidstone Studios, where these programmes were formally based. As a cost-saving measure the Gateway Theatre studios in Edinburgh, which for a time became the permanent studio home for Take the High Road were closed in 1994.

In 2006, the newly rebranded STV moved from their Cowcaddens base to a new, smaller building at Pacific Quay alongside the headquarters of BBC Scotland. As a result of the move, the entire Cowcaddens site, with the exception of an extension containing The Herald and Glasgow Evening Times newspapers, was demolished and redeveloped. STV's Edinburgh news and advertising operations are now based at small studios in Fountainbridge.

Presentation
Scottish Television's first on-air symbol featured the Lion Rampant of Scotland (the Royal Standard). Initially a static caption, the first logo was an almost full frame lion rampant with the words Scottish Television top and bottom. The second was the four blocks with the letters STV and the lion. An animated ident was introduced by 1965 in which the lion would spin inside a box, though this later modified as a simple zoom in following, according to some reports, a complaint from The Lord Lyon King of Arms, the man in charge of protecting Scotland's heraldry When colour began the lion continued to zoom but in pale blue. After the start of colour broadcasting, the lion rampant symbol was replaced within a year by a stylised 'STV' logo, which during its 15 year rein, change very little. The First version showed a zooming STV, by mid 70s it was updated with the letter comforming into the centre to make "STV". Throughout the 70s until 1985, this stylised was used as either a static caption, or form up from a pattered design that was supposed to represent tartan. Accompanying the look was a clock against a blue background with the white STV logo forming a pattern across the screen. The station's first theme was a specially composed piece by Geraldo entitled Scotlandia, which began each day's broadcasting - the theme continued to be heard until August 1985, this was accompanied At the climax by a slowly rotating '3D' STV 'illuminated name block' appeared. The 3D idents were usually produced from actual moving models.

1985-1988
On 31 August 1985, the station revived the 'Scottish Television' branding and introduced a computer generated thistle ident designed by Martin Lambie Nairn, with the ident music being composed by Dave Cooke. A new Start up piece was also created Official title: "Visions" but was never used by the station. Ident was previewed during April 1985. In 1987, a special version of this ident was launched, featuring the thistle against a boxed background which was used to mark the station's 30th anniversary. This version was dropped as the main ident in over Christmas 1987, but was occasionally still used until December 1992.

During 1988, a number of new idents were used, which included:


 * "88 On Scottish"
 * bland looking ident with slightly raised ident, and different colours.
 * Sand sculpture of the STV logo,
 * Water effect overlapping with different colours: Red, Yellow, Green, Violet, Blue and Light Brown.
 * Snow sculpture of the STV logo,

1989-2000
TV Live: http://www.tv-live.org.uk/wp/index.php/itv/regions/scottish/idents/

The thistle logo was modified in January 1989 to create a 2D identity which would remain in use until February 2000, under various guises.


 * Dark blue Thistle: January 1989 - December 1992, addition variation was added in 1992.
 * Scottish use the ITV Generic look from 1st September 1989 but used inconjuction with its main ident, lasting only a few months before being completely dropped.
 * Purple Thistle: 1st January 1993 - 3 Nov 1996
 * light blue/sky thistle: 4th November 1996 to 27 February 2000

2000-2006
TV Live: http://www.tv-live.org.uk/wp/index.php/itv/stv/2000-2003/ http://www.tv-live.org.uk/wp/index.php/itv/stv/2003-2006/celebrity-idents/

Scottish refused to adopt the 1999 ITV generic look and instead, alongside Grampian Television, launched a new on-screen logo on 28 February 2000, featuring a blue square with the words 'Scottish TV'. The package contained 23 standard-idents at 10 sec, 8 mini-length idents at 5 sec and 3 Extra long idents at 30sec, and featured people and places from around Scotland. The presentation package remained in use until 6 January 2003, when Scottish and Grampian adopted the celebrity idents package, albeit with their own logos attached and also featuring Scottish and Grampian presenters. The package was never updated unlike ITV version which was took place in September 2003.

2006 - present
TV Live: http://www.tv-live.org.uk/wp/index.php/itv/stv/2006-2009/ The celebrity look remained until 2006, when the Scottish and Grampian names were traded in for one unified look: STV. The first ident package featured an elongated blue 'S', with scenes of Scottish people in various locations passing around the 'S' from person to person in differing scenes, until one person places the S in the centre of the screen. An updated look was introduced in March 2009, consisting of a picture postcard scene which would flip over to the right to reveal another theme. This flipping increases in pace and as the camera pulls back before the STV logo forms against a gradiented blue background.

Former

 * Clem Ashby (early-mid 1970s)
 * Craig Austin (2003–2004)
 * Arthur Boreland (mid 1970s)
 * Raymond Boyd,
 * Anne Brodie (1975-1978),
 * Gerry Burke,
 * Douglas Cameron,
 * David Chalmers (mid-late 1970s)
 * Paul Coia
 * Bryce Curdy (early-mid 1980s)
 * Tony Currie (1976–1987)
 * Nicky Docherty (1980s-1999)
 * John Douglas (1988-1992),
 * Brian Durkin,
 * Brian Ford (1986-2006)( ?1985 aswell)
 * Kate Fraser(1998-2000)
 * Mike Gower (1979–1990)
 * Kenny Gregory (Nov 1994 until Dec 1997)
 * Denise Guthrie (late 1980s)
 * Steve Hamilton (mid 1970s-c. 1988)
 * Morag Hood
 * Liz Kristiansen (1981–1994)


 * Colin Lamont (1985–1988)
 * Kate Mathieson (late 1970s)
 * Christina Mcintyre (1980's-2000s)
 * Jack McLaughlin (late 1960s-early 1970s)
 * Fiona McGrady (1980s-1990s),
 * Kate Matheson (late 1970s),
 * Alec Monteath (1964–1969)
 * Pauline Muirhead (late 1970s-late 1980s)
 * Jimmy Nairn (1950s-1960s),
 * Maggie Palmer,
 * Ivor Phillips,,
 * Gordon Roddick (1961–1973)
 * Drew Russell
 * Anne Scott (?)
 * Clem Shaw (1974-1975),
 * Bill Simpson,
 * Jimmy Spankie
 * Jim Symon (1983–2003)
 * Pat Trevor (late 1960s-early 1970s)
 * Marion White (mid 1970s)
 * Hamish Wilson (early-mid 1970s)

Current continuity

 * Toni Frutin
 * Maggie Lavender (1986-present) Head of Continuity
 * Cameron McKenna (2000-present)
 * Donald Pirie
 * Derek Smith

Regional news programmes
Scottish News, at TV Live
 * Scotland Today (1972-2009)
 * STV News (2009 to date)