Granada plc

Granada plc (previously called Granada Ltd, Granada Group plc, and Granada Media plc) is a former British conglomerate which was best known as the former parent of the Manchester-based Granada Television. It is now known as ITV plc following its merger with Carlton Communications plc. It was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

Media business
Granada has its origins in Sidney Bernstein's Granada Theatres Ltd, a cinema company founded in Dover in 1930. The company was incorporated as Granada Ltd in 1934, with Granada Theatres Ltd turned into a subsidiary.[2] Granada has been listed on the London Stock Exchange in one form or another since 1935.[2] It was awarded the North of England ITV franchise in 1954.[2] For more details on the history of that part of Granada's business, see Granada Television. Granada also established a chain of television rental shops from 1959 onwards.

During the 1980s, Granada became involved in the British Satellite Broadcasting satellite television company. This went on air in March 1990, but merged with Sky Television plc in November 1990, to form British Sky Broadcasting, in which Granada had a minority shareholding for some time. In 1991, Granada Theatres Ltd and 74 bingo clubs were sold to Bass. In 1993 Granada acquired 20% stake in London Weekend Television, within a year it launched a hostile take-over for the rest of the company, which included LWT airtime sales subsidiary Laser, which Granada used to help establishes British Independent Television Enterprises (BRITE) in 1995, which delt with the airtime of Granada TV, LWT and Yorkshire Tyne Tees TV. In 1996 Granada sells its 10% stake in ITNto DMG for £20.5m, and within 12months it acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television plc, forming Granada Media Group plc.[2] Granada also bid together with Carlton Communications plc and British Sky Broadcasting for the UK Digital terrestrial television licence. They won the licence, though BSkyB was excluded from the company, ONdigital for competition grounds.[3] It went on air in 1998. In 1999 Granada buys Mirror's group 18.6% holding in STV Group for £110.3m. In 2000, Granada purchased United News & Media's television interests, which were Meridian Broadcasting and Anglia Television;[2] Granada was forced to sell the HTV broadcasting business (to Carlton) for competition reasons, though it held onto HTV's network production business. It also acquired Border Television in 2001,[4] from [Capital Radio plc.[5] Granada also became involved in digital television but in 2002 ITV Digital, the renamed ONdigital, collapsed.[6]

Granada TV Rental
In 1959 Granada launches television rental shops Granada TV Rental During this period Television receivers were both expensive to purchase and maintain. In 1978 the company expanded its operations into the VHS system domestic VCR, rental market. This was also a high cost new technology item in home entertainment, (a JVC model HR3300 VHS VCR cost £680 in 1978). In the early 1980s the rental of Satelite T.V. reception equipment was another opportunity for the company to supplement its declining income. Throughout the 1980s several takeover took place with Rediffusion rentals group being brought in 1984[7], and Electronic Rentals Group in 1987[2]. Another takeover happened in 1995 with the puchues of Direct Video Rentals for £22.6m. During 1997 100 of 562 shops were closed due to falling demand as electronic product prices fell, and their reliability improved, consumer trend changed from renting to buying electrical goods. This drift away from rental eventually resulted in the decline of this chain which (after a 'merger' with rivals Direct Vision Rentals - which they proceeded to close down having transferred all business to the Granada books) re-branded as Box Clever leading to a merger with Radio Rentals in 2000.[8] This successor company had since withdrawn from the high street following heavy losses and now only has an internet presence.[9]

Catering business
Aside from media, Granada's other main strength was in the catering business. It opened its first motorway service area in 1965, and established a chain of service areas across the British motorway]network. At one time the company owned and operated 75% of the motorway service areas.[10] In the 1990s it expanded into other areas of catering, with a number of takeover in 1996 including Forte hotels and catering group for £3.6bn, White Hart hotel chain for £121.7m, George V Hotel in Paris to Prince al-Waleed bin Talal for £104m, Forte hotels and catering group for £3.6bn[11]. Granada also sold off Hyde Park Hotel for £86m, it 25% stake in Alpha Airports catering to Mohamed al Fayed for £52.3m, White Hart hotel chain for £121.7m, George V Hotel in Paris to Prince al-Waleed bin Talal for £104m, Hyde Park Hotel for £86m, it 25% stake in Alpha Airports catering to Mohamed al Fayed for £52.3m, Brown's Hotel for £45m and its 21-strong Welcome Break service station chain to Investcorp of Bahrain for £476m. In July 2000 Granada merged with Compass Group plc to form Granada Compass plc.[12] Granada Media Group became a subsidiary as Granada Media plc with Granada Compass plc retaining 80% of the shares. The merger did not last long, and in February 2001 Compass and Granada once again went their separate ways, Compass taking all of Granada's food and hospitality business with it.[13][14] The de-merged Granada became Granada Ltd.

Merger with Carlton
In 2002 speculation began to centre on when, not if, Carlton and Granada would merge. In 2003 a merger was agreed between the two companies, with Granada shareholders owning two-thirds of the new company. That the new company was in effect a takeover by Granada of Carlton was admitted in the first annual report of the new company, ITV plc, which treated the company as effectively a continuation of Granada plc (with the Carlton merger regarded as an acquisition) for accounting purposes. The Granada name remains as the name of the North West ITV franchise, and is used to brand productions of ITV plc companies on channels other than ITV branded channels in the United Kingdom, where ITV Studios is used instead. For details on the company's history after 2 February 2004, see ITV plc.

Operations
At the time of the merger with Carlton Communications plc, Granada was mainly involved in the television business. It owned seven ITV companies – Granada Television, London Weekend Television, Yorkshire Television, Tyne Tees Television, Meridian Broadcasting, Anglia Television and Border Television. It also owned the ITV Digital Channels Ltd pay-TV business, which at the time offered two channels, Men and Motors and Granada Plus. ITV plc has since taken full control of GSB and closed down archive channel Plus in favour of ITV3. Granada also owned 50% shares in ITV2 and the ITV News Channel, and a 20% share of ITN. It also owned 45% of TV3 Ireland. Charles Allen was chief executive of Granada until 2 February 2004, when he became chief executive of the newly-created ITV plc, a post he retained until 1 October 2006.

THAT need to be added
 * 1↑ "Granada: history, activities and group structure". Competition Commission. http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/2003/fulltext/482a4.5.pdf.
 * 2↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 ITV: History http://www.itvplc.com/about/history/
 * 3↑ Ten into Three: http://www.offthetelly.co.uk/features/itv/tendays.htm
 * 4↑ Granada to buy Border TV assets for £50m if Capital wins bid battle: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/granada-to-buy-border-tv-assets-for-pound50m-if-capital-wins-bid-battle-721610.html
 * 5↑ Capital agrees Border carve-up http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/716361.stm
 * 6↑ BSkyB facing legal threat over Ondigital http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bskyb-facing-legal-threat-over-ondigital-536186.html
 * 7↑ http://www.rediffusion.info/bet-disposal/
 * ↑ Byers gives go-ahead to Granada TV rental company: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/byers-gives-goahead-to-granada-tv-rental-merger-719533.html
 * ↑ Box Clever blow for Saunders: http://www.standard.co.uk/news/boxclever-blow-for-saunders-6972478.html
 * ↑ "Granada". Alan Simpson. http://motorwayservicesonline.co.uk/Granada. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
 * ↑ Granada buys maximum stake http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_/ai_n9637762
 * ↑ Granada Compass merger designed to avoid £1.5bn tax liability: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/granada-compass-merger-designed-to-avoid-paying-pound15bn-tax-liability-627852.html
 * ↑ Granada Compass to demerge http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/4475861/Granada-outlines-demerger-proposals.html#
 * ↑ http://www.caterersearch.com/Companies/33936/compass-group.html